pH, moisture, conductivity, redox potential (ORP), acidity, etc.

Ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, available phosphorus, kay nitrogen, etc.

Pesticides, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, phenolic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls/chlorobenzenes, benzenes, nitrobenzenes, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated organic compounds, aldehydes and ketones, esters, amines (aniline, amide, hydrazine), hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, thiol/thioethers, acid compounds, oils, etc.

Cyanide, fluoride, sulfide, sulfate, chloride, boron, etc.

Total number of colonies, coliforms, escherichia coli, mold, yeast and other conventional microorganisms, enterobacteriaceae, osmotic yeast, streptococcus faecalis, fecal coliforms, enterobacter and other unconventional microorganisms, microbial biomass carbon, microorganisms nitrogen, biodiversity, urease, catalase, phosphatase, sucrase, cellulase, protease, etc.

With the improvement of residents' living standard and pressure of the increasing population in recent years, the output of municipal solid waste (MSW) is growing with each passing day, which poses a great pressure and threat to the environment urban inhabitants live on. Solids, sludge and non-aqueous waste MSW as the main solid waste will affect the soil environment if it is discharged without useful and effective disposals.

With the rapid development of mining industry, heavy metal pollution in the soil is becoming more severe. The content of heavy metals in the soil even several times that of the original soil, far exceeding the carrying capacity of the soil microorganisms degradation. It is seriously threatening the stability of ecosystems and human health. Therefore, the testing of heavy metals has gradually attracted people's attention.

The term industrial waste refers to all waste generated by industrial activities and manufacturing processes. Hazardous properties refer to flammability, corrosivity, reactivity, infectivity, radioactivity, leaching toxicity, polar toxicity, and the like. With the rapid economic growth and industrial development, complex and dangerous industrial waste seriously pollutes the environment.

Soil minerals are formed by weathering of rocks and are the main material of soil solid phase, which constitutes the "skeleton" of soil, accounting for 95% to 98% of the total mass of soil solid phase. Organic matter and microorganisms in the soil account for less than 5% of the solid phase quality of the soil. The composition, structure and properties of soil minerals have a profound impact on soil physical and chemical properties, biological and biochemical properties, and play an important role in identifying soil types and identifying soil formation processes.

Microorganisms can produce a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and a significant portion of the VOCs released from soil and litter appear to be of microbial origin. The production of VOCs by soil microorganisms is likely to have an important influence on atmospheric chemistry, soil processes, and biotic interactions in soil.

In fact, the human living environment is exposed to all kinds of natural radioactivity at all times. They come from white cosmic rays or radionuclides existing in soil, rock, water and atmosphere. These radioactivity doses composed of natural factors are called natural background values. However, with the rapid development of nuclear testing, nuclear industry and the wide application of radionuclides, more and more radioactive wastewater and waste residue are discharged into the soil, thus constituting radioactive contamination or pollution of the soil. The radioactivity level of soil is higher than the natural background value, which poses a serious threat to human survival.

Soil quality is threatened by the increase in human population and by the fact that most of the cultivable land is intensively used. There is a general agreement that soil biochemical, microbiological and biological properties are more suitable than physical and/or chemical properties for the purpose of estimating alterations in soil quality and hence soil degradation.