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With the destruction of soil ecology, it poses a huge threat to agricultural production and even human life. Assessment of management-induced changes in soil quality is important to sustaining high crop yield. A large diversity of cultivated soils necessitate identification development of an appropriate soil quality index (SQI) based on relative soil properties and crop yield. [1] In this regard, experts have also begun to take relevant measures to control the status of soil, and formulated relevant standards for soil quality. At present, experts in relevant fields in various countries have adopted different indicators to evaluate soil quality, which can be roughly divided into two categories. One is descriptive indicators, including soil color, texture, fertility and so on. The other is analytical indicators. According to the property of analytical indicators, the evaluation indicators of soil quality are divided into three parts: soil physical indicators, soil chemical indicators and soil biological indicators. Farmers often use these descriptive indicators to qualitatively understand soil quality status, but scientists and technicians prefer to use analytical indicators. Quantitative analysis was carried out to obtain analytical data by selecting various properties of soil, and then the threshold and optimum values of data indicators were determined.
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Soil physical conditions have a direct or indirect impact on plant growth and environmental quality. Soil physical indicators include soil texture and particle size distribution, soil thickness and root depth, soil bulk density and compactness, porosity and pore distribution, soil structure, soil water content, field water holding capacity, soil water retention characteristics, permeability and water conductivity, soil drainage, soil aeration, soil temperature, depth of barrier level, soil erosion, oxygen diffusion rate, soil tillage, etc.
The forms and concentrations of various nutrients and contaminants in soil directly affect plant growth, animal and human health. The chemical indicators of soil quality include the total and effective amounts of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, mineralized nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, CEC, soil pH, conductivity (total salinity), salinity, alkalinity, forms and concentrations of various pollutants.
Soil organisms are the main part of the soil with vitality. They are the general term for various organisms, including soil microorganisms, soil animals and plants. Many organisms in soil can improve the quality of soil, and some organisms, such as nematodes and pathogens, can reduce the quality of soil. At present, soil microbial indicators are widely used, while medium and large soil animal indicators are in the research stage. Biological indicators of soil quality include microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, potential mineralizable nitrogen, total biomass, soil respiration, microbial species and quantity, biomass carbon/organic total carbon, respiration/biomass, enzyme activity, microbial community fingerprints, root exudates, crop residues, root knot nematodes, etc.
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Mukherjee, A. , & Lal, R. . (2014). Comparison of soil quality index using three methods. Plos One, 9.
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