Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract

Ginkgo biloba is the world's oldest surviving tree species, native to China, Japan and Korea, but now also grown in Europe and the United States. Its leaves have a long history of medicinal use and are believed to help improve memory, brain function, and blood flow in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Ginkgo biloba extract is rich in bioactive substances including flavonol glycosides, terpene lactones, ginkgolic acids, proanthocyanadins. They have shown neuroprotective effects in a variety of studies, with positive effects on psychosis, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and depression.

• Regulation of synaptic plasticity
  Synaptic plasticity refers to activity-dependent modification of the strength or efficacy of synaptic transmission at preexisting synapses, which is an important neurophysiological process. Ginkgo biloba extract alter synaptic plasticity by enhancing synaptic remodeling and affecting transmitter release, leading to ameliorative effects in neurological disorders.

• Suppression of oxidative stress
  The brain consumes up to 20% of basal oxygen and is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, which can cause neuronal damage. Ginkgo biloba extract has been shown to inhibit oxidative stress by regulating the balance between the oxidative and antioxidant systems.

• Reducing neuroinflammation
  Neuroinflammation is mediated by the production of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species and secondary messengers. Ginkgo biloba extract may down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain and inhibit the activation of neuroinflammation.

• Improvement of β-amyloid protein deposition
  β-amyloid protein often exists as monomeric, soluble or insoluble oligomers. Its aggregates have obvious neurotoxicity and can induce neuronal degeneration and apoptosis. Ginkgo biloba extract may exert neuroprotective effects by reducing beta-amyloid protein deposition in the brain.