Atractylodes Lancea

Atractylodes lancea (AL), a flowering plant in the Asteraceae family, is indigenous to Vietnam, most of China, Korea, the southern Russian Far East, and Japan. This plant holds a prominent place in East Asian medicine and has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine. The rhizome of AL is characterized by a pungent and bitter taste and is associated with the spleen, stomach, and liver meridians according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) principles.

In TCM, AL is believed to eliminate dampness, strengthen the spleen, dispel cold, and expel wind. Traditionally, it has been employed to treat various conditions, including rheumatic diseases, digestive disorders, night blindness, and influenza. Recent studies have also shown that extracts from AL exhibit anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Chemical analysis has identified a variety of bioactive compounds in Atractylodes lancea, including sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, polyacetylene compounds, and phytosterols. Among these, elemol, β-selinene, and atractylone stand out for their significant contribution to the plant's medicinal properties.

The active components in AL are primarily volatile oils, which mainly comprise sesquiterpenoids and polyacetylenes. Key compounds include atractylodin, atractylone, and β-eudesmol. These constituents are regarded as the principal active ingredients responsible for the pharmacological properties of AL.

Atractylodin

Atractylodin, a polyethylene alkyne found in Atractylodes lancea, exhibits a wide range of biological activities. Recent pharmacological studies have shown that atractylodin activates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghrelin receptor), promoting gastric emptying and stimulating food intake. Beyond its gastrointestinal effects, atractylodin has demonstrated multiple pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatoprotective effects.

Studies have shown that atractylodin can reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways. Research also indicates that atractylodin enhances contractility in inflammation-induced intestinal motility disorders and induces apoptosis in bile duct cancer cells through the caspase cascade. These findings highlight atractylodin's significant potential for clinical application.

Atractylone

Atractylone, also known as Atractylon, is a sesquiterpenoid compound extracted from Atractylodis plants, renowned for its medicinal properties. Research indicates that it can mitigate lung injury caused by the Influenza A virus (IAV) through the modulation of the TLR7 signaling pathway, suggesting its potential as an effective treatment for IAV infections. Moreover, atractylone has demonstrated the ability to inhibit mast cell degranulation, highlighting its promise as a therapeutic agent for managing mast cell-mediated allergic reactions. Overall, it emerges as a multifaceted compound with significant potential in both antiviral and anti-allergic therapies.

Beta-Eudesmol

Beta-eudesmol is a sesquiterpenoid alcohol extracted from the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea. This compound has exhibited notable potential in anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activities. Specifically, beta-eudesmol inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing the activation of the CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) within the growth factor signaling pathway, thereby acting as an inhibitor of tumor growth. In addition to its anti-cancer properties, beta-eudesmol also promotes neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma cells, a process that is accompanied by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This suggests that beta-eudesmol may serve as a promising lead compound for enhancing neuronal function.

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