Morus Alba

Morus alba L. (M. alba), commonly known as white mulberry, is a fast-growing, short-lived tree that typically reaches heights of 10 to 20 meters. Various parts of the plant, including its leaves, fruits, and seeds, are treasured for their nutritional and medicinal properties. It is rich in an array of phytochemicals, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins, as well as macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and volatile aromatic compounds. These constituents underscore the plant's remarkable pharmacological potential.

The bioactive compounds found in M. alba exhibit a wide range of beneficial biological activities, having been proven effective against numerous diseases. These include antioxidative, diuretic, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. This diverse pharmacological profile makes it a significant resource in both nutritional and medicinal contexts.

Morus alba is renowned for its rich assortment of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals. The primary active ingredients are:

Morusin

Morusin, a prenylated flavone found predominantly in the bark of the white mulberry tree, has garnered significant attention for its diverse pro-health properties. Extensive research has highlighted morusin's potent antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic activities. Additionally, it has demonstrated notable neuroprotective and antihyperglycemic effects.

In terms of its antitumor capabilities, morusin has been shown to effectively suppress the growth of various cancer types, including breast cancer, glioblastoma, pancreatic cancer, hepatocarcinoma, prostate cancer, and gastric cancer. Its anti-inflammatory properties are similarly impressive, as it inhibits inflammatory responses by suppressing cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and reducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).

Mulberroside A

Mulberroside A, the principal active anti-tyrosinase compound found in the root bark extract of Morus alba, is extensively used as a key component in skin-whitening cosmetics. In addition to its efficacy in skincare, mulberroside A boasts a range of therapeutic properties. It exhibits neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects, contributing to its potential in treating neurological and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, it has demonstrated uricosuric and nephroprotective activities, making it beneficial for kidney health. Its hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects are significant, offering potential benefits for diabetes management. Notably, mulberroside A has been shown to safeguard against ethanol-induced hepatic damage in mice, highlighting its liver-protective properties. These diverse pharmacological activities underscore the potential of mulberroside A as a multifaceted therapeutic agent.

Morin

Morin is a bioflavonoid found in various fruits, vegetables, and plants, particularly in the Moraceae family, such as mulberries and figs. Morin has attracted significant scientific interest due to its potential health benefits. Research suggests morin exhibits a range of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties.

A key feature of morin is its activity as an α-glucosidase inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 4.48 ± 0.04 μM. This makes it a promising candidate for diabetes management, as it also inhibits the generation of advanced glycation end products associated with long-term complications of the disease. Additionally, morin can inhibit the formation of amyloid by islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) and can disaggregate existing amyloid fibers, indicating its potential in managing amyloid-related conditions.

Morusinol

Morusinol, a flavonoid derived from the root bark of Morus alba, has shown promise in the prevention of arterial thrombosis in vivo, primarily through its antiplatelet activity. This bioactive compound's ability to inhibit platelet activation suggests that it could provide substantial benefits in managing conditions such as transient ischemic attacks or stroke. By modulating platelet function, morusinol potentially offers a therapeutic avenue for reducing the risk of these serious cardiovascular events.

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