Vitis Vinifera

Vitis vinifera (V. vinifera), commonly known as the Common Grape Vine, is a species of Vitis that holds significant economic and agricultural importance worldwide. This species is not only widely cultivated but also extensively studied, owing to its rich source of secondary metabolites. V. vinifera is known for its diverse array of compounds, including flavonoids such as flavan-3-ols and flavonols, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and essential nutrients like fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins. Additionally, it contains unique stilbene derivatives, which add to its phytochemical complexity.

The phytochemical composition of V. vinifera varies significantly across different parts of the plant. For example, anthocyanins are predominantly found in the skin of the berries, imparting their characteristic color, while hydroxycinnamic acids are concentrated in the pulp. The seeds of the grape vine are rich in condensed tannins, specifically of the proanthocyanidin type. Moreover, stibenoids are primarily located in the wood of the plant. This variation in chemical composition not only contributes to the plant's versatility and utility but also underscores the importance of V. vinifera in both the agricultural and scientific communities.

Procyanidin B1

Procyanidin B1 is a naturally occurring polyphenolic flavonoid found in V. vinifera as well as other commonly consumed fruits. This compound exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including significant anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. Mechanistically, Procyanidin B1 binds to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) complex, thereby modulating immune responses.

It has been shown to inhibit infection by vesicular stomatitis virus and HCV pseudotype virus in Huh-7 cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 29μM and 15μM, respectively. Additionally, Procyanidin B1 possesses neuroprotective effects, possibly by attenuating the activation of caspase-3 through the inhibition of caspase-8 and -9 activations. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated via interaction with the TLR4–MD-2 heterodimer and the modulation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated THP1 cells. Through these multiple mechanisms, Procyanidin B1 holds promise for therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases, viral infections, and neuroprotection.

Procyanidin B2

Procyanidin B2 is a naturally occurring condensed tannin found in various plants and fruits, renowned for its wide-ranging health benefits. This compound has demonstrated significant vascular protective, anti-diabetic nephropathy, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Research indicates that Procyanidin B2 suppresses the articular cartilage VEGF, a factor implicated in the pathogenesis and pain of osteoarthritis.

Mechanistically, Procyanidin B2 inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by suppressing the AP-1 pathway. Furthermore, it enhances the expression of GSTP1 through ERK and p38 MAPK activation, as well as Nrf2 translocation. Interestingly, Procyanidin B2 also exhibits dual anti- and pro-oxidant effects on metal-mediated DNA damage, a process facilitated by its interaction with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and metal ions. This complex behavior underscores its nuanced role in cellular oxidative stress responses.

At Alfa Chemistry, we are committed to providing top-quality natural products and phytochemicals to both the research and industrial sectors. Our dedication to advancing scientific knowledge and promoting wellness aligns seamlessly with the unique bioactive properties of Vitis vinifera.

Our extensive catalog offers a wide range of phytochemicals, including those derived from Vitis vinifera. Researchers and healthcare professionals can depend on our high-purity compounds for their studies, ensuring they have reliable materials to explore therapeutic potentials. Experience the difference our expertise can make—contact us today!

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