Carboxymethyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin Sodium Salt

Allahyari R, et al. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 2025, 10, 100767.

Carboxymethyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) was employed as a host molecule to form an inclusion complex with finasteride, aiming to improve the drug's solubility and physicochemical properties. The co-precipitation method was utilized to prepare CM-β-CD/Fin complexes at varying molar ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1). Among these, the 1:1 molar ratio exhibited superior encapsulation efficiency and favorable results in XRD and FT-IR characterization. In the optimized procedure, 827 mg of CM-β-CD was dissolved in 1 mL of water at 25 °C, followed by the addition of 8 mL of a 2.5% methanolic finasteride solution. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at 25 °C, then subjected to sonication at 35 °C for 25 min and refrigerated for 24 h to promote complex formation. The resulting suspension was separated via centrifugation, rinsed with methanol to remove uncomplexed drug, and lyophilized. This study demonstrates the practical application of CM-β-CD in pharmaceutical formulation, particularly in the development of inclusion complexes for poorly water-soluble drugs.

Ma X, et al. Microchemical Journal, 2025, 209, 112891.

A novel amphiphilic nanomicelle system was developed using carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as the hydrophilic scaffold and dodecylamine (DDA) as the hydrophobic moiety through an amidation reaction.

The synthesis involved activation of the carboxyl groups on CM-β-CD with EDC and HNS in anhydrous formamide, followed by nucleophilic attack by DDA under nitrogen protection. The resulting CM-β-CD-DDA conjugate was purified by ethanol precipitation, dialysis using a 1000 Da cutoff membrane, and subsequent lyophilization.

The product exhibited amphiphilic properties and readily self-assembled into stable nanomicelles in aqueous buffer solutions. These nanostructures demonstrated dual functionality, serving both as chiral selectors and pseudostationary phases.

Guo J, et al. Food Hydrocolloids, 2025, 162, 110994.

Carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) was employed as a key polyanionic component in the formation of polysaccharide–polysaccharide colloidal complexes through electrostatic self-assembly with chitosan (CS), a cationic polysaccharide. Aqueous solutions of CM-β-CD (0.1% w/v) and CS (0.1% w/v in 1% v/v acetic acid) were prepared separately, followed by the gradual dropwise addition of CM-β-CD into the CS solution under continuous magnetic stirring at 800 rpm to promote uniform complexation. Various CM-β-CD:CS mass ratios (3:1 to 1:3) were investigated to optimize the assembly conditions. The pH of the resulting mixtures was finely adjusted in the range of 3–7 using HCl or NaOH to modulate the electrostatic interactions. The resulting CM-β-CD/CS complexes were then lyophilized at −60 °C for 48 hours to obtain dry, stable colloidal powders.

Li Q, et al. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024, 333, 121980.

Carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) was utilized to synthesize ZIF-67-based flame-retardant nanohybrids for epoxy (EP) composite applications.

The synthesis of P-ZCD (TEP-ZIF-67@CM-β-CD) was initiated by dissolving CM-β-CD (0.5 g) and triethyl phosphate (TEP, 0.568 g) in 25 mL deionized water. Separately, ZIF-67 (30 mg) was dispersed in 30 mL methanol. The CM-β-CD/TEP solution was added to the ZIF-67 dispersion, and the mixture was transferred to a three-necked flask and reacted at 50 °C for 4 h. After centrifugation and successive washing with water and methanol, the product was dried at 60 °C to obtain P-ZCD. For comparison, ZCD was prepared using the same protocol without TEP.

To fabricate the EP composites, 2.0 wt% of the nanohybrids (ZIF-67 or P-ZCD) were ultrasonically dispersed in anhydrous ethanol for 10 min. This dispersion was then added to the EP monomer and stirred at 140 °C for 1 h to evaporate ethanol. Subsequently, 3:10 (w/w) of the curing agent DDS was added, and the mixture was stirred thoroughly for 15–20 min. Air bubbles were removed under vacuum, and the homogeneous mixture was poured into PTFE molds and cured at 180 °C for 4 h to obtain EP/ZIF-67 and EP/P-ZCD composites.

Control composites (EP/PCoCmix and EP/PComix) were also prepared using physical mixtures of additives. PCoCmix consisted of TEP, ZIF-67, and β-CD in a 1:2:2 ratio, while PComix included TEP and ZIF-67 in a 1:4 ratio, both at 2.0 wt%. This comparative approach emphasized the role of CM-β-CD in promoting chemical integration and improving char-forming behavior in EP systems.

Yuan J, et al. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2024, 699, 134576.

Carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CMCD), a cyclic oligosaccharide functionalized with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, was employed as a novel, eco-friendly depressant for the selective flotation separation of chalcopyrite and pyrite-two sulfide minerals with closely similar surface properties. Under weakly acidic conditions (pH = 6.5 ± 0.2), the application of CMCD enabled the production of a high-quality copper concentrate with a copper grade of 28.06% and recovery of 73.15%. Micro-flotation experiments revealed CMCD's preferential adsorption onto pyrite over chalcopyrite, effectively hindering the subsequent attachment of the collector sodium butyl xanthate (SBX) on pyrite surfaces. Characterization techniques, including contact angle measurement, adsorption quantification, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed that CMCD forms hydrogen bonds with surface metal hydroxides on pyrite, enhancing its hydrophilicity. Molecular dynamics simulations further supported the stronger binding affinity of CMCD to pyrite at the atomic level.

Liu Z, et al. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2024, 12(5), 113303.

A novel magnetic photocatalyst, Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMCD) functionalized titanium dioxide@Fe3O4@reduced graphene oxide (TiO2@Fe3O4@RGO), was successfully synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method. In the preparation, 0.6 g of TiO2@Fe3O4@RGO was mixed with 0.12 g of CMCD, 0.6 mL of ammonia, and 0.4 mL of hydrazine hydrate in 60 mL of deionized water, followed by stirring for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was centrifuged and dried overnight. The synthesis of CMCD-TiO2@Fe3O4@RGO resulted in a photocatalyst with enhanced efficiency for the degradation of tetracycline (TC), achieving a 83.3% degradation efficiency under continuous irradiation at 420 nm for 60 minutes, at a TC concentration of 20 mg/L. The kinetic constant for the degradation of TC by CMCD-TiO2@Fe3O4@RGO was found to be 0.459 mg L−1·min−1, nearly 1.5 times greater than that of TiO2@Fe3O4. The improved photocatalytic activity was attributed to the beneficial effects of CMCD and RGO, which enhanced the adsorption of TC and facilitated the transfer of photo-generated electrons, reducing electron-hole recombination and prolonging carrier lifetime.